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5. Literatuur en verwijzingen ​

• Over kritisch denken in het algemeen

• Over kritisch denken & redeneerschema's maken

• Over de methodiek Kritisch Denken met Rationale

• Over kritisch denken, betogen en leren schrijven met Rationale

• Links naar overzichtsites

links

Over kritisch denken in het algemeen ​

Artikelen/onderzoeksverslagen

Een uitgebreide meta-analyse. Het onderzoek '...summarizes the available empirical evidence on the impact of instruction on the development and enhancement of critical thinking skills and dispositions.' . Conclusies:

  1. Training in kritisch denken werkt.
  2. Met betrekking tot de vraag hoe een curriculum ontworpen moet worden om kritische denkvaardigheden van studenten te ontwikkelen: '* This is an important finding for the design of courses. Developing CT skills separately and then applying them to course content explicitly works best*.' 'When instructors received special advanced training in preparation for teaching CT skills...the impacts of the interventions were greatest.' En: 'As important as the development of CT skills is, educators must take steps to make CT objectives explicit in courses and to integrate them into both preservice and in-service training and faculty development.' ( Abrami, p. 1121-1122).

'Overall, the quantitative synthesis indicates that, when thinking skills programmes and approaches are used in schools, they are effective in improving pupils’ performance on a range of tested outcomes (relative to those who did not receive thinking skills interventions). The magnitude of the gains found appears to be important when compared with the reported effect sizes of other educational interventions. This review found an overall mean effect of 0.62 for the main (cognitive) effect of each of the included studies, larger than the mean of Hattie’s vast database of meta-analyses at 0.4 (Hattie, 1999) but very similar to the overall figure reported by Marzano (1998, p 76) of 0.65 for interventions across the knowledge, cognitive, metacognitive and self-system domains. In particular, our study identified metacognitive interventions as having relatively greater impact, similar to Marzano’s study.'

Over kritisch denken & redeneerschema's maken ​

'Many people reason poorly, by almost any measure of reasoning. Although there is evidence that people can be taught to think critically, educators don't really know how. They don't know what works, what doesn't, or why. This report describes the Monash Critical Thinking Study - a three year project to investigate the effectiveness of a number of teaching methods for improving critical thinking.'

Over de methodiek Kritisch Denken met Rationale ​

-- Berg, T. ter, Brugge, E. van der, Teaching Critical Thinking with Rationale. INTED 2013.

• in het primaire, secundaire & tertiaire onderwijs

• een algemene Handleiding voor docenten

• het Rationale Thinking Pack

• Onderwijsmateriaal voor IB scholen en de IB Extended Essay Guide

Neem voor ondersteunend materiaal voor het tertiare onderwijs contact met ons op.

Over kritisch denken, betogen en leren schrijven met Rationale ​

  • Een korte video (Engelstalig) laat zien hoe men met behulp van Rationale een helder en goed opgebouwd betoog kan schrijven.

  • Geoff Hyde (National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore) ontwikkelt een online cursus Scientific Writing waarin Rationale geintegreerd is.

Uit de Introduction: 'Rationale is mainly focussed on teaching people how to think clearly about contentious issues, and has very successfully popularized a diagrammatic method of argument development. My experiences in the classroom have taught me that this diagrammatic approach is also a great starting point for writing all types of scientific text. It is the most practical way to outline that I have come across. Outlining is often promoted as a writing tool because it forces the writer to focus first on organisingideas, before moving onto packaging them.'

  • Critical Thinking On The Web. Een gedateerde, maar goede, zeer uitgebreide overzichtsite.

  • Critical Thinking Web : ' This educational website provides over 100 free online tutorials on critical thinking, logic, scientific reasoning, creativity, and other aspects of thinking skills.'